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- <text id=90TT0050>
- <title>
- Jan. 08, 1990: Passing The Manhood Test
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Jan. 08, 1990 When Tyrants Fall
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 43
- Passing the Manhood Test
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Operation Just Cause was a triumph for American soldiers
- </p>
- <p> "It was probably the best-conceived military operation since
- World War II," declared retired Army Chief of Staff General
- Edward Meyer. Insisted a veteran enlisted man in Panama: "From
- a professional military point of view, this operation will go
- down as a brilliant success." For the U.S. military, said a
- senior Pentagon officer who had no doubt that the G.I.s had
- passed the exam with flying colors, "the Panama invasion was
- a test of manhood."
- </p>
- <p> Although the judges were hardly impartial, few military
- experts dissent from their glowing assessments of Operation
- Just Cause. The praise was a welcome shift. Except for the U.S.
- air strike on Libya in 1986, American military performance
- since Viet Nam has been miserable. In 1983 commanders in
- Lebanon failed to erect defenses to prevent a mere truck from
- crashing into a Marine barracks and killing 241 American
- servicemen with a load of explosives. The invasion of Grenada
- that same year was ultimately successful, but so botched that
- 18 Americans died even though the island was defended only by
- a ragtag of Cuban construction workers and Cuban and Grenadian
- soldiers.
- </p>
- <p> Tactically, Grenada and Panama were vastly different. The
- Grenada strike was thrown together in two days adhering to a
- foolish requirement that it be a joint operation of all U.S.
- services. As a result, command lines were blurred and
- coordination was poor. Navy commanders could not talk to their
- counterparts in the Army and the Air Force because their radios
- were incompatible. The troops had difficulty finding the
- American students they had been sent to liberate.
- </p>
- <p> The Panama attack, in contrast, had been planned and
- polished for months. Some 13,000 U.S. troops were already in
- place at well-stocked bases. They provided intelligence on
- opposing forces and protection for the arriving invaders. Most
- significant, Panama was mainly an Army show, though small units
- of Navy SEALs and Marines were involved. Joint Chiefs Chairman
- General Colin Powell squelched interservice rivalries and gave
- the two top on-site Army generals, Maxwell Thurman, head of the
- U.S. Southern Command, and Carl Stiner, the Task Force
- Commander, clear authority to direct the attacks. Says retired
- Vice Admiral Joseph Metcalf III, who commanded the Grenada task
- force: "In Panama they had a lot of time to prepare, and they
- did a hell of a job; they were able to tailor things a lot
- better."
- </p>
- <p> The result was U.S. troops quickly knocked out any hope that
- the 12,000-member Panama Defense Forces might have had of
- making a coordinated counterattack on invasion night. "The
- whole infrastructure of our forces was destroyed in the first
- hour," admitted Major Ivan Gaytan, a top P.D.F. planner. Though
- some Pentagon planners had anticipated 70 U.S. military deaths,
- the figure was 23. Noriega's irregular Dignity Battalions
- raised more havoc than expected with sniper fire and hit-and-run
- attacks in Panama City streets. But when Lieut. Colonel Luis
- del Cid, Manuel Noriega's most trusted military aide, waved a
- white flag over his fortress in Chiriqui province and Noriega
- deserted his fighters to save his skin, resistance faded.
- </p>
- <p> Inevitably there were mistakes. Many paratroopers missed
- their landing zones. The shelling of Noriega's Comandancia
- headquarters destroyed houses in the adjacent Chorrillo
- neighborhood, where many poor people live. Air attacks on the
- San Miguelito area were devastating. The U.S. embassy said 300
- Panamanian civilians died (unofficial estimates go as high as
- 800), an alarming toll. Many Panamanians criticized the failure
- of the Americans to move against the looting that engulfed
- Panama City. "There should have been troops placed along
- commercial arteries," complained Steve Maduro, a past director
- of Panama's Chamber of Commerce. "Our police force was
- nonexistent, and it was utter chaos for three days."
- </p>
- <p> Yet Operation Just Cause quickly removed Noriega from power
- and gave a new government a chance to take root. As a bonus,
- it recovered some 48,000 weapons that might one day have been
- turned against Americans or sent off to El Salvador as part of
- Noriega's gun running to rebels there. In Panama, American
- servicemen fully earned the kind of medals that were so
- lavishly dispensed after Grenada.
- </p>
- <p>By Ed Magnuson. Reported by James Carney/Panama City and Bruce
- van Voorst/Washington.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-